Living with a phobia? One longer session of exposure therapy could help

November 09, 2022

Fortunately, phobias are highly treatable with a psychological therapy called “exposure therapy”. However, single-session exposure therapy took an average of 2 hours and 40 minutes to complete. Multi-session exposure therapy took an average of 5 hours to complete – almost double the time. Imagine Mary and Sally, two people with spider phobia, receive exposure therapy from Helen, a clinical psychologist. This could be achieved by granting a rebate based on time, not the number of exposure therapy sessions.

Phobias are when fears become excessive and interrupt daily life. A new review shows one longer session of exposure is as effective and more time-efficient than shorter sessions.

For the one in 13 people who suffer from phobias, the mere mention of spiders, heights, enclosed spaces or other triggers can cause distress.

Fortunately, phobias are highly treatable with a psychological therapy called “exposure therapy”. This type of treatment involves interacting with the phobic triggers in a safe environment.

Our recent review showed a single, longer session of exposure therapy is the most time-efficient treatment format for phobias, leading to large reductions in symptoms in as little as a few hours. Unfortunately, an arbitrary rule in the Medicare rebate scheme financially discourages treatment delivered this way.

When a fear becomes a phobia

We all fear certain objects or situations. For some people it is snakes or spiders, for others it’s public speaking, driving over bridges or crowds. Fear becomes problematic, and may warrant a diagnosis of specific phobia, when it is excessive in relation to the actual threat posed, persistent and causes significant impairment or disruption to daily life.

Phobias are among the most common mental health conditions worldwide. People with phobias go to great lengths to avoid the things that trigger their fear, often with negative consequences. For example, people with blood-injection-injury phobia may refuse routine medical care, or vaccines, endangering their health.

The good news is exposure therapy is a highly effective treatment for phobias. Exposure therapy helps people gradually confront their fears without escaping them. This could involve handling nonvenomous spiders (in the case of spider phobia), or entering an enclosed space (in the case of claustrophobia).

Exposure therapy changes beliefs about how dangerous a feared object or situation actually is, which makes the person less anxious the next time they encounter it.

One long session? Or more short ones?

Exposure therapy can be delivered in a single, long session lasting several hours. Alternatively, it can be delivered in lots of shorter sessions. But which treatment format should a psychologist – or person with a phobia – choose?

A longer single session may be more attractive to the client because it’s easier and cheaper to arrange work or school absences, childcare and transport.

To make an informed choice, we need to compare the effectiveness of the two treatment formats – in other words, how well and how quickly they work.

Our meta-analysis, to be published in the December edition of Behaviour Research and Therapy, combined the outcomes of 67 separate studies examining 1758 adults and children treated for phobia using single-session or multi-session exposure therapy.

We found both treatment formats brought about large reductions in fear and avoidance. However, single-session exposure therapy took an average of 2 hours and 40 minutes to complete. Multi-session exposure therapy took an average of 5 hours to complete – almost double the time.

Our results show that while both treatment formats are highly effective, single-session is the more time-efficient option. Psychologists could embrace this new evidence as one means of tackling rising patient waitlists. However, in Australia, single-session treatments have a hidden cost – and this is due to how Medicare rebates are structured.

A phobia might make a small thing seem like a major threat. Pexles/Mart Production, CC BY

Medicare rebates and cost

The Better Access initiative was launched in 2006 to improve access to mental health care in Australia. Medicare rebates are available for 10 separate sessions of psychological treatment per year by an eligible health provider (extended to 20 sessions until December 2022 due to COVID).

The maximum rebate is currently $131.65 for a session of 50 minutes or longer with a clinical psychologist.

But rebates must be distributed over 10 separate sessions. If people seeking treatment for a phobia were to opt to receive several hours of exposure therapy in a single session, their maximum rebate will be $131.65. Yet psychologists typically charge by the time spent. That means the treatment is more expensive on a per hour basis, and the upfront cost of single-session treatment is substantially greater than for multi-session treatment.

Imagine Mary and Sally, two people with spider phobia, receive exposure therapy from Helen, a clinical psychologist. Helen charges an hourly rate of $280, as recommended by the Australian Psychological Society.

Sally’s total cost for one three-hour session would be $840 with a rebate of $131.65 ($708.35 out-of-pocket, to be paid immediately). Mary’s total cost for five hour-long sessions would be $1400 with a rebate of $658.25 ($741.75 out-of-pocket, to be paid over five weeks or more).

So the out-of-pocket costs are similar under the current rules. However, Mary receives almost twice the amount of treatment time and payments are spread out over many weeks. Having to pay out more for one long session, makes the upfront cost more prohibitive for Sally.

If rebates were calculated by the hour, then Sally’s out-of-pocket costs could be reduced to $445.05. And she would have fewer sessions to arrange or miss work for.

Medicare rebates for mental health services are paid by the session not by the hour. Pexels, CC BY

Removing barriers

Anxiety disorders like phobias cost the Australian economy over $5 billion each year in treatment costs and productivity loss. In the year 2019 to 2020, $1.4 billion, or $53 per Australian, was spent by the government on Medicare benefits for mental health services.

Removing barriers to accessing evidence-based psychological treatments is a major priority. A simple change to the Better Access policy would remove the financial barrier to single-session exposure therapy, at no additional cost to the government. This could be achieved by granting a rebate based on time, not the number of exposure therapy sessions. Ten rebates could be made available in a calendar year, irrespective of whether they are used in a single session or spaced out over different sessions.

Other studies have investigated the feasibility of intensive treatment formats for other mental health conditions beyond phobias, panic disorder, with promising results.

If this article has raised issues for you, or if you’re concerned about someone you know, call Lifeline on 13 11 14.

Bronwyn Graham, Associate Professor of Psychology, UNSW Sydney and Sophie H Li, Senior Clinical Research Manager and Clinical Psychologist, UNSW Sydney

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

The source of this news is from University of New South Wales

Popular in Research

1

Mar 19, 2024

Nancy Hopkins awarded the National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare Medal

2

Mar 14, 2024

MIT Faculty Founder Initiative announces finalists for second competition

3

Mar 12, 2024

Corinne Bailey Rae is the 2024 Spring Artist-in-Residence at NYU’s Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music

4

Mar 11, 2024

MSCA Postdoctoral Fellowship 2024: Call for expression of interest

5

Mar 9, 2024

Use of cultural specific terms in times of crises can cause greater health inequalities

White House fights back against age comments in Biden probe

1 day ago

Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs blasts feds’ ‘military-level force’ during raid of his homes, calls investigation a ‘witch hunt’

1 day ago

Boeing CEO Dave Calhoun to step down; board chair and commercial airplane head replaced in wake of 737 Max crisis

2 days ago

Biden, Promising Corporate Tax Increases, Has Cut Taxes Overall

2 days ago

Remembering MIT Copytech Director Casey Harrington

1 day ago

Noubar Afeyan PhD ’87 to deliver MIT’s 2024 Commencement address

3 days ago